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Page 3 of 10 (226 total)
Kwinana Refinery

Western Australia, Australia · Processing Facility

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-8846 t
2024Lithium-3508 t
Opened
2022-01-01
Workforce
The total number of employees for Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia rose from 242 to 312 during the 2023 financial year.
Overview
The Kwinana Refinery has faced ongoing operational issues, operating below nameplate capacity. IGO has impaired its investment, viewing it as a challenged, high-cost asset, while joint venture partner Tianqi Lithium remains committed to its long-term viability.
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 8846 t.
Processing
The fully automated plant processes spodumene concentrate from the Greenbushes mine to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide. Train 1 of the plant has a nameplate capacity of 24,000 tonnes per annum.
Expansion
In January 2025, the joint venture partners agreed to cease all work and activities on the second processing train (LHP2).
Companies & ownership
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2024Lithium-1383000 t
2023Lithium-1491300 t
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2047
Mine life
22 years
Workforce
more than 1,500 people
Overview
The Greenbushes Lithium Mine is a large open-pit operation in Western Australia, producing spodumene concentrate. It includes multiple processing plants, with a third chemical-grade plant (CGP3) commissioned in 2025 to expand capacity.
Production
Production overview - 2024: lithium 1383000 t; 2023: lithium 1491300 t.
Processing
The operation includes a technical-grade plant, three chemical-grade plants (CGP1, CGP2, CGP3), and a tailings retreatment plant. Mining uses a traditional drill and blast process.
Equipment
The load and haul mining activities are conducted by Macmahon Holdings Limited under a seven-year contract that commenced on 1 July 2023. Macmahon is utilising its existing mining fleet for these operations.
Expansion
An expansion of the mine is underway to increase production capacity, which includes the development of additional waste rock landforms and expanded water storage. A third chemical-grade processing plant, CGP3, was commissioned and processed its first ore in the first half of 2025. This new plant is expected to increase the total production capacity of the site.
Companies & ownership
  • Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia
  • Albemarle Corporation
    NYSE:ALB
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
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Kwinana Lithium Hydroxide Refinery

Western Australia, Australia · Processing Facility

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-8583 t
2024Lithium-3508 t
2023Lithium-1884 t
Opened
2022-01-01
Overview
The refinery has continued to operate well below its nameplate capacity. IGO considers the refinery a high-cost asset with no pathway to appropriate returns.
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 8583 t; 2024: lithium 3508 t.
Processing
The facility processes spodumene concentrate from the Greenbushes mine.
Expansion
Train 1 has faced ongoing operational challenges and has been operating below its nameplate capacity of 24,000 tonnes per annum. In January 2025, the joint venture partners agreed to cease all work and activities on the construction of a second train (Train 2).
Companies & ownership
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %1350000 t
2024Lithium2.18 %1420000 t
Opened
1983-01-01
Workforce
1700
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1350000 t; 2024: lithium 1420000 t.
Processing
The operation has four processing plants: three producing chemical grade lithium concentrates (CGP1, CGP2, and a Tailings Retreatment Plant) and one producing technical grade lithium concentrates. The processing method involves gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to upgrade the lithium mineral into concentrates. A third chemical grade plant (CGP3) commenced construction in 2023 and processed its first ore in December 2025.
Expansion
A capacity expansion project is underway to meet growing global demand for lithium. This involves expanding the mine to the east and south to add a new waste rock landform, expand an existing one, and increase water storage capacity. The expansion will increase the development envelope by 28 per cent to 2826 hectares. The construction of a third Chemical Grade Plant (CGP3) was completed with first ore processed in December 2025.
Companies & ownership
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • Albemarle Corporation
    NYSE:ALB
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Kwinana Lithium Hydroxide Refinery

Western Australia, Australia · Processing Facility

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-4901 t
2024Lithium-4318 t
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 4901 t; 2024: lithium 4318 t.
Processing
The refinery is designed to process spodumene concentrate from the Greenbushes mine into battery-grade lithium hydroxide. It is described as a fully automated processing plant. Train 1 has a nameplate capacity of 24,000 tonnes per annum.
Expansion
The joint venture partners, IGO and Tianqi Lithium, are in discussions regarding the future of the refinery, with IGO viewing it as a "challenged asset" and having no confidence in its ability to achieve sustained improvement. IGO has fully impaired its 49% stake in Train 1 of the refinery. In January 2025, the TLEA shareholders agreed to cease all works and activities on Lithium Hydroxide Plant 2 (LHP2). Despite operational challenges and financial losses, Tianqi Lithium has publicly stated it has no plans to suspend refinery operations.
Companies & ownership
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
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Greenbushes Lithium Operation

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %1.35 Mt
2024Lithium2.18 %1.42 Mt
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2045
Mine life
62 years
Workforce
Approximately 1,700 people as of April 2025.
Overview
The Greenbushes Lithium Operation is operated by Talison Lithium Australia Pty Ltd. IGO Limited holds a 24.99% indirect interest in the mine. The ownership structure is a joint venture, where Talison Lithium is 51% owned by Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia Pty Ltd (TLEA) and 49% by Albemarle Corporation. TLEA is a joint venture between Tianqi Lithium Corporation (51%) and IGO Limited (49%). For the 2024 calendar year, approximately 5.6 million tonnes of ore grading 2.18% Li2O were processed, producing about 1.42 million tonnes of spodumene concentrates. In 2025, production was 1.35 million tonnes of spodumene concentrates from 6.16 million tonnes of ore grading 1.9% Li2O. Total spodumene concentrate production for the 2025 financial year was approximately 1.48 million tonnes.
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1.35 Mt; 2024: lithium 1.42 Mt.
Processing
The Greenbushes operation has four processing plants: Chemical Grade Plant 1 (CGP1), Chemical Grade Plant 2 (CGP2), a Technical Grade Plant (TGP), and a Tailings Retreatment Plant (TRP). The process involves gravity separation, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to produce lithium concentrates. A fifth plant, Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3), commenced commissioning with its first ore feed on 18 December 2025. The first standard-compliant chemical-grade lithium concentrate from CGP3 was produced on January 30, 2026. CGP3 has a capacity of approximately 500,000 tonnes per annum of spodumene concentrate, increasing the total site capacity to around 2.1 million tonnes per annum. CGP3 is expected to reach nameplate capacity in 2026.
Equipment
The mining operation uses a traditional open-pit method with drill and blast, followed by load and haul.
Expansion
The mine is undergoing significant expansion. Following the commissioning of CGP3, plant debottlenecking is planned to lift combined production during 2027. Total ore processed is expected to increase to approximately 7 million tonnes per annum by 2028, with spodumene concentrate production forecast to peak at just over 2 million tonnes per annum in 2029. A new underground Mineral Resource Estimate of 132 million tonnes grading 1.5% Li₂O has been defined below and along strike from the current open-pit limits. There are also proposals to expand waste rock landforms and water storage capacity to support increased production, which involves expanding the mine to the east and south of the current site. The Western Australian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has approved an increase in the development envelope to 2,791 hectares.
Companies & ownership
  • Albemarle Corporation
    NYSE:ALB
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia Pty Ltd (TLEA)
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Kwinana Refinery

Western Australia, Australia · Processing Facility

Operating
Lithium
Production
Output of 1,223 tonnes of lithium hydroxide in the first half of 2024 and 2,775 tonnes in the third quarter of 2024. The joint venture plans to produce between 9,000 and 11,000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide in the 2025-26 financial year.
Processing
The refinery processes spodumene concentrate from the Greenbushes mine to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide. First battery-grade lithium hydroxide was produced in May 2022. The facility has experienced ongoing operational issues and has been operating well below its nameplate capacity. The ramp-up of Train 1 has been slower than anticipated due to engineering challenges affecting throughput and reliability. IGO has low confidence in the asset's ability to achieve sustained improvement and has fully impaired its investment in Train 1. The joint venture partners have ceased all work and activities on the construction of Train 2.
Companies & ownership
  • Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %-
Opened
1983-01-01
Production
year = 2025 commodities: - commodity: spodumene concentrate, output: 1,350,000, output unit: tonnes.
Processing
The operation has four processing plants: Chemical Grade Plant 1 (CGP1), Chemical Grade Plant 2 (CGP2), a tailings retreatment plant, and a Technical Grade Plant. Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) commenced commissioning on 18 December 2025. CGP3 has a capacity of approximately 500,000 tonnes per annum of spodumene concentrate, which will bring the total site capacity to approximately 2.1 million tonnes of spodumene concentrate.
Expansion
A proposal has been made to expand the mine, which would increase the development envelope from 2,207 hectares to 2,826 hectares. This expansion includes the construction of new waste rock landforms, expansion of the Salt Water Gully Dam, and additional infrastructure. The Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) processed its first ore on 18 December 2025 and is expected to reach nameplate capacity in 2026. Total ore processed is expected to increase to approximately 7 million tonnes per annum by 2028, with spodumene concentrate production peaking at just over 2 million tonnes per annum in 2029.
Companies & ownership
  • Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia Pty Ltd (TLEA)
  • Albemarle Corporation
    NYSE:ALB
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
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Kwinana Lithium Hydroxide Refinery

Western Australia, Australia · Processing Facility

Operating
Lithium
Workforce
312 (for TLEA, including Kwinana refinery and Perth office) speculation: as of the end of the 2023 financial year
Overview
The Kwinana Lithium Hydroxide Refinery, located 35km south of Perth, Western Australia, is Australia's first fully automated lithium hydroxide processing plant. It processes spodumene concentrate from the Greenbushes mine to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate. First production was in May 2022. IGO Limited holds a 49% interest in the joint venture operating the refinery, which has ceased work on its second processing train.
Processing
The refinery is designed to process spodumene concentrate from the Greenbushes lithium mine. The processing flowsheet is based on the one used by Tianqi's refineries in China. The facility is described as Australia's first fully automated lithium hydroxide processing plant. In addition to lithium hydroxide, the plant is designed to produce non-lithium products including Tianqi Aluminosilicate (TAS), Gyplime and Sodium Sulphate.
Companies & ownership
  • Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-1.48 Mt
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2045
Mine life
62 years
Workforce
more than 1,500 people (as of August 2024), approximately 1,700 people including contractors and construction personnel (2023)
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1.48 Mt.
Processing
The Greenbushes operation has four processing plants: one for technical grade lithium concentrates, two for chemical grade lithium concentrates, and one for re-treating historic tailings. The processing method involves upgrading the lithium mineral from the ore using gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to produce a range of lithium concentrates.
Equipment
The mining fleet includes Hitachi EX3600, Hitachi EX2600, and Hitachi EX1200 / Komatsu PC1250 excavators, as well as Caterpillar 785 (140-tonne) rear dump trucks. Macmahon Holdings was awarded a seven-year contract for load and haul mining works. The operation also uses two 1250kVA Tomahawk Cummins generators and a 20,000L fuel tank for standby power at the central tailings facility.
Expansion
Talison Lithium is expanding the Greenbushes mine to increase the production of spodumene ore and lithium mineral concentrate. This expansion includes the construction of the S2 waste rock landform, the expansion of the Salt Water Gully Dam, and the development of new water management infrastructure. The development envelope for the mine is set to increase from 2,207 hectares to 2,791 hectares. A proposal for a further capacity expansion is undergoing environmental assessment.
Power sources
Diesel
Water sources
Surface Water
Companies & ownership
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
  • Albemarle Corporation
    NYSE:ALB
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Kipushi Zinc Mine

Haut-Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo · Underground

Operating
ZincCopperSilverLithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Zinc-203168 t
2022Zinc35.34 %-
2022Copper0.8 %-
2022Silver23 g/t-
2022Lithium64 g/t-
Opened
1924-01-01
Production
Production overview - 2025: zinc 203168 t.
Processing
A new concentrator with a capacity of 800,000 tonnes per annum was completed in May 2024 and first concentrate was produced in June 2024. The plant incorporates dense media separation, milling, and flotation. A debottlenecking program was completed in August 2025, increasing the concentrator throughput capacity by 20% to 960,000 tonnes of ore per annum.
Expansion
Ivanhoe Mines and its state-owned partner Gécamines signed a new joint venture agreement in late 2023 to return the mine to production. Construction of the new concentrator began in September 2022. In July 2025, a three-year offtake agreement was signed with Mercuria for up to one-third of the unallocated offtake of zinc concentrate.
Companies & ownership
  • Ivanhoe Mines Ltd.
    TSX:IVN · OTC:IVPAF
  • Gécamines S.A.
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Kwinana Lithium Hydroxide Refinery

Western Australia, Australia · Processing Facility

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-6782 t
2024Lithium-3508 t
2023Lithium-1884 t
Opened
2021-01-01
Workforce
175 permanent staff once fully operational
Overview
The Kwinana Refinery is a downstream processing facility designed to convert spodumene concentrate from Greenbushes into battery-grade lithium hydroxide. It has faced operational challenges and is subject to ongoing discussions between the joint venture partners to determine its optimal pathway.
Production
Production overview - 2023: lithium 1884 t.
Processing
The refinery converts spodumene concentrate into battery-grade lithium hydroxide. The process involves a 2-stage cyclone preheater rotary kiln with an indirect rotary cooler. It also includes filtration and cake washing of by-products. The facility is one of the first fully automated battery-grade lithium hydroxide facilities globally. Train 1 has a nameplate capacity of 24,000 tonnes per annum.
Equipment
The plant includes pyroprocessing equipment from FLSmidth, such as a 2-stage cyclone preheater rotary kiln, an indirect rotary cooler, and a natural gas-fired kiln burner. The filtration circuit, supplied by TH, includes seven APN18 L filter presses, slurry pumps, and hydraulic units. The electrical, instrumentation, and controls package included multiple substations and extensive cabling.
Expansion
The joint venture partners, IGO and Tianqi Lithium Corporation, have agreed to cease all work and activities on a second production train (Lithium Hydroxide Plant 2).
Companies & ownership
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
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Greenbushes Lithium Operation

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %1350000 t
Mine life
22 years
Workforce
approximately 1,700
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1350000 t.
Processing
The operation involves traditional drill and blast mining methods. The ore is processed through four plants: a technical grade plant, two chemical grade plants (CGP1 and CGP2), and a tailings retreatment plant. These plants use gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to produce a range of lithium concentrates. A third chemical grade plant (CGP3) commenced commissioning with first ore feed on 18 December 2025.
Equipment
For a crushing and screening project, the contractor utilised a jaw crusher, impact crusher, screener, D10 dozer, 980 loader, 36-tonne excavator, and an 18m radial stacker.
Expansion
The Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) project, which has a capacity of approximately 500,000 tonnes per annum of spodumene concentrate, commenced commissioning in December 2025. The total project cost for CGP3 is estimated to be approximately $A880 million. A further expansion is proposed to increase waste rock storage and water supply to support increased mining and production rates. This includes the construction of new waste rock landforms and a new mine water supply dam.
Companies & ownership
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
  • Albemarle Corporation
    NYSE:ALB
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
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Kwinana Refinery

Western Australia, Australia · Processing Facility

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-6782 t
2024Lithium-3508 t
Opened
2022-11-30
Overview
The Kwinana Refinery is a fully automated facility that processes spodumene concentrate from the Greenbushes mine into battery-grade lithium hydroxide. It is one of the largest such facilities globally and the first to be built in Australia. The refinery is located approximately 35km south of Perth and 200km north of the Greenbushes mine.
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 6782 t; 2024: lithium 3508 t.
Processing
The refinery processes spodumene concentrate into battery-grade lithium hydroxide. The process flow sheet includes calcining, acid roasting, leaching, purification, and crystallization.
Expansion
In January 2025, the joint venture partners, IGO and Tianqi Lithium Corporation, agreed to cease all works and activities on the second planned production train (LHP2). Tianqi Lithium stated that continuing with the project was "economically unviable".
Companies & ownership
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
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Shoobridge Project

Northern Territory, Australia · Open Pit

Under Development
LithiumGoldTinTantalumUranium
Overview
The Shoobridge Project is an exploration-stage project operated by Core Lithium Ltd in the Northern Territory, Australia, focused on lithium, gold, tin, tantalum, uranium, and base metals within the Pine Creek Orogen. Exploration activities include RC and diamond drilling.
Equipment
reverse circulation (RC) and diamond drilling
Companies & ownership
  • Core Lithium
    ASX:CXO · OTC:CXOXF
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Finniss Lithium Operation

Northern Territory, Australia · Open Pit

Care And Maintenance
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.26 %15200000 t
2024Lithium1.26 %48500000 t
Opened
2022-01-01
Mine life
20 years
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 15200000 t; 2024: lithium 48500000 t.
Processing
The site has a 1 million tonne per annum processing plant to produce spodumene concentrate.
Expansion
Mining operations were paused in January 2024, and the site transitioned to care and maintenance in mid-2024 due to lithium market conditions. A restart study was completed in 2025. In March 2026, Core Lithium announced a Final Investment Decision (FID) and secured funding for the restart of the Finniss Lithium Operation. The restart will focus on underground mining at the BP33 deposit, supplemented by the remaining ore from the Grants open pit. The restart is expected by September 2026.
Companies & ownership
  • Core Lithium
    ASX:CXO · OTC:CXOXF
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Salar del Hombre Muerto

Antofagasta de la Sierra, Argentina · Solution

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2026Lithium-40000 t
Autonomous haulage
No
Overview
Salar del Hombre Muerto (Fenix Operation) is a Lithium Brine operation which produces lithium carbonate and lithium chloride. The parent company, Arcadium Lithium has 100% ownership of the operation and they are, in turn, 100% owned by Rio Tinto.
Companies & ownership
  • Rio Tinto
    ASX:RIO
  • Arcadium Lithium
    ASX:LTM · NYSE:ALTM
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Kwinana Lithium Hydroxide Refinery

Western Australia, Australia · Processing Facility

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-6782 t
2024Lithium-3508 t
Opened
2022-05-20
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 6782 t; 2024: lithium 3508 t.
Processing
The fully automated plant processes spodumene concentrate from the Greenbushes mine to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide. The refinery was designed with two processing trains, each with a nameplate capacity of 24,000 tonnes per annum. By-products include aluminosilicate, gyplime and sodium sulphate.
Expansion
In January 2025, TLEA shareholders, IGO and Tianqi Lithium Corporation, agreed to cease all works and activities on Lithium Hydroxide Plant 2 (LHP2). IGO has since fully impaired its investment in the Kwinana refinery assets. The company has low confidence in the asset's ability to achieve meaningful, sustained improvement and is working with its joint venture partner to determine the optimal future pathway for the plant. The refinery operated well below nameplate capacity in the June 2025 quarter.
Companies & ownership
  • Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
View on map
Greenbushes Lithium Operation

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %1350000 t
2024Lithium-1.42 Mt
2023Lithium6 %1.43 Mt
2021Lithium-1986000 t
2019Lithium-764000 t
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2048
Mine life
21 years
Workforce
As of August 2024, the Greenbushes Lithium Operation employs more than 1,500 people.
Overview
The Greenbushes Lithium Operation is a world-class, large-scale, long-life, and low-cost hard rock lithium mine. It is located approximately 250 kilometres south of Perth, Western Australia.
Production
Production overview - 2024: lithium 1.42 Mt; 2023: lithium 1.43 Mt.
Processing
The ore is processed through four main plants: a Technical Grade Plant (TGP), two Chemical Grade Plants (CGP1 and CGP2), and a Tailings Retreatment Plant (TRP). A third Chemical Grade Plant (CGP3) was commissioned in mid-2025, increasing the total ore processing capacity to 8.95 million tonnes per annum. The processing method involves crushing, grinding, gravity separation, heavy media separation, flotation, and magnetic processes to produce spodumene concentrate.
Equipment
Haul Trucks: A fleet of up to 12 Caterpillar 777F/G units with a capacity of approximately 90 tonnes, and larger 200-tonne Caterpillar 785C trucks. In 2024, the fleet consisted of thirty-three 140-tonne capacity rear dump trucks. Excavators: The excavator fleet was planned to increase from seven units in 2024 to nine in 2026. Loaders and other equipment: The load and haul contractor mining fleet includes Komatsu PC1250-8 excavators, Caterpillar 6015B excavators, and various Caterpillar loaders (988G/H/K and 992K).
Expansion
A third Chemical Grade Plant (CGP3) was commissioned in mid-2025, increasing the total ore processing capacity to 8.95 million tonnes per annum. Operational workforce was expected to increase from 220 to approximately 650 people with the expansion.
Companies & ownership
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
  • Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • Albemarle Corporation
    NYSE:ALB
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Kwinana Lithium Hydroxide Refinery

Western Australia, Australia · Processing Facility

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2024Lithium-1223 t
Workforce
approximately 300 jobs (as of July 2024)
Production
Production overview - 2024: lithium 1223 t.
Processing
The refinery processes spodumene concentrate from the Greenbushes mine to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide. Train 1 has a nameplate capacity of 24,000 tonnes per annum.
Expansion
In January 2025, the joint venture partners agreed to cease all work and activities on a second production train (Lithium Hydroxide Plant 2), deeming the expansion economically unviable. IGO has fully impaired its 49% stake in the Kwinana refinery, citing ongoing operational issues and low confidence in the asset's ability to achieve sustained improvement. IGO and Tianqi Lithium are in discussions regarding the optimal future pathway for the plant.
Companies & ownership
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
  • Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
View on map
Greenbushes Lithium Operation

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %1350000 t
2024Lithium2 %1420000 t
2022Lithium-37500 t
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2050
Workforce
approximately 1,700 people
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1350000 t; 2024: lithium 1420000 t.
Processing
The operation has four processing plants: two producing chemical-grade lithium concentrates, one for technical-grade concentrates, and one for re-treating historic tailings. The processing method involves gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to upgrade the ore. In December 2025, the first ore was processed at the new Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3). The combined plants have a total nominal processing capacity of 6.5 million tonnes per annum, with a potential output of up to 1.5 million tonnes of lithium mineral concentrate annually.
Expansion
The Greenbushes mine is undergoing a significant expansion to meet global demand. This involves expanding the mine to the east and south, adding a new waste rock landform, expanding an existing one, and increasing water storage capacity. The project's development envelope is planned to increase by 28% from 2,207 hectares to 2,826 hectares. The expansion is undergoing environmental assessment, with a final report from the Western Australian Environmental Protection Authority expected in December 2026.
Companies & ownership
  • IGO Limited
    ASX:IGO
  • Tianqi Lithium Corporation
  • Albemarle Corporation
    NYSE:ALB
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Finniss Lithium Operation

Northern Territory, Australia · Open Pit

Care And Maintenance
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2024Lithium4.8 %95020 t
2023Lithium-28837 t
Opened
2022-01-01
End year
2038
Mine life
10 years
Capex (est.)
USD 120.00M
Workforce
The restart of the operation is expected to create over 400 direct and indirect jobs in the Northern Territory.
Overview
The Finniss Lithium Operation is owned and operated by Core Lithium Ltd and is located on the Cox Peninsula, 88 km by road from Darwin Port. It is the Northern Territory's first lithium mine. Mining operations were paused in January 2024 due to market conditions, and the site transitioned to care and maintenance in mid-2024. In March 2026, Core Lithium's board approved a Final Investment Decision (FID) to restart the operation, backed by a funding package from strategic partners and an equity raise. The restart plan focuses on repositioning Finniss as a lower-cost, long-life project. Early works and site preparation are set to begin immediately, with the first production of spodumene concentrate targeted for the September quarter of 2026.
Production
Production overview - 2024: lithium 95020 t; 2023: lithium 28837 t.
Processing
The operation uses an existing 1 million tonne per annum processing plant. For the quarter ending 31 March 2024, lithia recoveries averaged 63%.
Equipment
Caterpillar 777G Dump Trucks and Liebherr R9200 and R9150 Excavators
Expansion
The restart will occur in stages, beginning with the recommencement of open-pit mining at the Grants deposit to extract remaining reserves of 0.8 to 1.0 Mt of ore over a 12-18 month period. This will be followed by the development of the BP33 underground mine. The plan for BP33 involves extending the mine deeper to increase its life from around 3-4 years to approximately 10 years.
Companies & ownership
  • Core Lithium
    ASX:CXO · OTC:CXOXF
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Vermillion Bay Project

Ontario, Canada · Open Pit

Under Development
Lithium
Companies & ownership
  • Critical Resources Limited
    ASX:CRR
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Whiteloon Prospect

Ontario, Canada · Open Pit

Under Development
Lithium
Companies & ownership
  • Critical Resources Limited
    ASX:CRR
View on map
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