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Greenbushes Lithium Operation

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %1350000 t
2024Lithium2.18 %1420000 t
2023Lithium2.24 %1430000 t
Opened
1983-01-01
Workforce
Approximately 1,700 people.
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1350000 t; 2024: lithium 1420000 t.
Processing
The operation has four processing plants: a technical grade plant (TGP), two chemical grade plants (CGP1 and CGP2), and a tailings retreatment plant (TRP). A third chemical grade plant, CGP3, commenced commissioning in December 2025, increasing total site capacity to approximately 2.1 million tonnes of spodumene concentrate. A new plant commissioning in late 2025 will increase combined processing to approximately 7 million tonnes per annum of dry ore.
Expansion
Significant expansion including an increase in development envelope to 2,791 hectares, construction of waste rock landforms, expansion of dams, new water management infrastructure, and commissioning of Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) in December 2025. Development options for CGP4 and an exploration program for additional pegmatites and potential underground mining are underway. An updated Mineral Resource Estimate and Ore Reserve Estimate were reported in February 2026.

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Greenbushes Lithium Operation

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2024Lithium2 %5800000 t
2023Lithium2.18 %1.491 Mt
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2048
Workforce
over 900 people in November 2022
Overview
The Greenbushes Lithium Operation is a large-scale, long-life, and low-cost hard rock lithium mine.
Production
Production overview - 2024: lithium 5800000 t; 2023: lithium 1.491 Mt.
Processing
The ore is processed to upgrade the lithium mineral into concentrate using gravity, heavy media separation, flotation, and magnetic processes. The site has four operational processing plants: a technical grade plant (TGP1), two chemical grade plants (CGP1 and CGP2), and a tailings retreatment plant (TRP). A third chemical grade plant (CGP3), with a planned capacity of 500,000 tonnes per annum of spodumene concentrate from 2.4 million tonnes per annum of ore, commenced commissioning in December 2025. The combined nominal processing capacity of the plants is 6.5 million tonnes per annum, producing up to 1.5 million tonnes of lithium mineral concentrate annually. The processing facilities include crushing and screening buildings, High Pressure Grinding Rollers (HPGR), deagglomerator buildings, conveyors, transfer stations, a primary screen feed sizer, a screen oversize conveyor, a surge bin, and a surge bin belt feeder.
Equipment
Conventional open-cut mining involves drill and blast methods. Macmahon Holdings conducts load and haul services and crusher feed. The total mining fleet comprises approximately 150 units, including drills, dozers, water trucks, and graders. A contractor utilises a fleet that includes a jaw crusher, impact crusher, screener, D10 Dozer, 980 Loader, 36-tonne excavator, and an 18m radial stacker for crushing services.
Expansion
Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) is an integral part of the mine's growth strategy. The total project cost for CGP3 is estimated to be approximately A$880 million.

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-1400000 t
2024Lithium-1420000 t
2023Lithium-1491000 t
2022Lithium-361227 t
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2048
Mine life
22 years
Workforce
As of March 2025, the mine has a workforce of more than 1,700 people.
Overview
The Greenbushes Lithium Mine is undergoing a significant expansion to meet global lithium demand. Lithium minerals have been produced at Greenbushes since 1983, with tin mining commencing in 1888. The mine has a projected mine life of 22 years based on the ore reserve as of May 2025.
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1400000 t; 2024: lithium 1420000 t.
Processing
The operation has four processing plants: Chemical Grade Plant 1 (CGP1), Chemical Grade Plant 2 (CGP2), a Tailings Retreatment Plant (TRP), and a Technical Grade Plant. The processing method involves upgrading the lithium mineral (spodumene) using gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes. The commissioning of Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) commenced on 18 December 2025, with first ore processed. CGP3 has a capacity of approximately 500,000 tonnes per annum of spodumene concentrate, increasing the total site capacity to around 2.1 million tonnes per annum.
Equipment
Mining is a conventional drill and blast, truck and shovel/loader operation. The load and haul activities are carried out by contractor Macmahon Holdings. A contractor, Peel Resource Recovery, has utilised a jaw crusher, impact crusher, screener, D10 dozer, 980 loader, a 36-tonne excavator, and an 18m radial stacker for crushing and screening operations.
Expansion
The mine is undergoing a significant expansion to meet global lithium demand. This includes the construction of new waste rock landforms, expanded water storage capacity, and supporting infrastructure. The expansion has a total footprint of 600 hectares, with 435 hectares outside the previous development envelope. The Western Australian Environmental Protection Authority has given approval for the updated proposal, which increases the development envelope to 2,791 hectares.

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %-
2024Lithium-1383000 t
2023Lithium-1491000 t
Opened
1983-01-01
Overview
The mine has been producing lithium concentrates since 1983. An updated Ore Reserve Estimate as of 31 December 2025, for the open-pit hard-rock, is 176 million tonnes at 1.9% Li₂O.
Production
Production overview - 2024: lithium 1383000 t.
Processing
The operation includes four processing plants: three that produce chemical-grade lithium concentrates (CGP1, CGP2, and a Tailings Retreatment Plant) and one that produces technical-grade lithium concentrates (TGP). A third chemical-grade plant, CGP3, commenced construction in 2023 and processed its first ore in December 2025. The addition of CGP3 is expected to increase the total production capacity to approximately 2.1 million tonnes of spodumene concentrate per year.
Expansion
A significant expansion is underway with the commissioning of the third Chemical Grade Plant (CGP3). A new underground Mineral Resource Estimate has been defined, indicating the potential for future underground mining operations to complement the existing open pit. A Strategic Options Review is in progress to optimise the life of mine plan.

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-1.35 Mt
2024Lithium-1.42 Mt
2023Lithium-1.43 Mt
2021Lithium-189 kt
2020Lithium-1.95 Mt
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2047
Workforce
Approximately 1,700 people (2025)
Overview
The Greenbushes Lithium Mine is operated by Talison Lithium Australia Pty Ltd, a joint venture between Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia Pty Ltd (51%) and Albemarle Corporation (49%). IGO Limited holds a 49% interest in TLEA, resulting in an indirect ownership of 24.99% in the Greenbushes mine.
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1.35 Mt; 2024: lithium 1.42 Mt.
Processing
The operation consists of a large open-pit mine and four processing plants, including three producing chemical grade lithium concentrates (CGP1, CGP2, and a Tailings Retreatment Plant) and one producing technical grade lithium concentrates (TG). Processing methods include gravity, heavy media separation, flotation, and magnetic processes. A third chemical grade plant, CGP3, processed its first ore in December 2025, increasing total ore processing capacity to 8.95 million tonnes per annum.
Expansion
Talison Lithium is undertaking a significant expansion of the Greenbushes operation, involving expanding the mine to the east and south to add new waste rock landforms and increase water storage capacity, increasing the development envelope by 28% to 2,826 hectares. Construction of a third chemical grade plant (CGP3) commenced in 2023, with first ore expected by end of 2025. Development options for a potential fourth Chemical Grade Plant (CGP4) are also being considered. Environmental assessment processes are underway, with the Western Australian EPA issuing the finalised environmental scoping document in September 2025.

Companies & Ownership (4)

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium

Companies & Ownership (1)

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Lake Mackay Project

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Under Development
NickelCopperLithium

Companies & Ownership (1)

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.91350000 t
2024Lithium2.181420000 t
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2047
Workforce
more than 1,700
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1350000 t; 2024: lithium 1420000 t.
Processing
The operation uses a traditional drill and blast mining method. It comprises four processing plants: three producing chemical-grade lithium concentrates (CGP1, CGP2, and the Tailings Retreatment Plant) and one producing technical-grade lithium concentrates (TGP). A third chemical-grade plant, CGP3, commenced construction in 2023 and processed its first ore in December 2025, with ramp-up progressing in 2026. The processing facilities employ gravity, heavy media separation, flotation, and magnetic processes.
Expansion
Talison Lithium is proposing a significant expansion to increase the production of lithium mineral concentrate. This involves increasing the development envelope by 28% to 2,826 hectares. The expansion plans include the construction of new waste rock landforms (S2 and S8), the expansion of the Salt Water Gully Dam, and a new highway crossing. The environmental review process for this expansion is underway, with a public review period expected in February 2026 and a final EPA assessment report anticipated in December 2026. There is also a potential for a future Chemical Grade Plant 4 (CGP4). An underground Mineral Resource Estimate has been defined below the current open pit.

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Finniss Lithium Operation

Northern Territory, Australia · Open Pit

Under Development
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2023Lithium-18274 t
Opened
2022-10-01
Mine life
20 years
Capex (est.)
USD 208.00M
Workforce
approximately 300 personnel, directly and indirectly, over its life
Overview
Core Lithium announced a Final Investment Decision (FID) to restart operations at the Finniss Lithium Operation, which had been placed on care and maintenance in mid-2024 due to market conditions. The restart is supported by a funding package of over $300 million. The new strategy focuses on a transition from open-pit mining at the Grants deposit to a long-life underground operation at the BP33 deposit.
Production
Production overview - 2023: lithium 18274 t.
Processing
The operation has an existing Dense Media Separation (DMS) processing plant with a nominal capacity of 1.0 Mtpa, which will be expanded to 1.2 Mtpa. The processing flowsheet includes crushing and flotation circuits and will undergo upgrades, including a Reflux Classifier circuit to improve recovery.
Equipment
Caterpillar 777G Dump Trucks, Liebherr R9200, Liebherr R9150 Excavators
Expansion
The new operational plan, centred on the BP33 underground mine, extends the mine life to approximately 20 years. The BP33 deposit remains open at depth, offering potential for future resource expansion. The existing crushing circuit has a capacity of over 2 million tonnes per annum, which can support potential future increases in throughput.

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Mineral SandsLithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2026Mineral Sands-351000 t
2025Lithium1.9 %6160000 t
2025Mineral Sands-1702000 t
2020Lithium-1950000 t
Opened
1888-01-01
Production
Production overview - 2026: mineral sands 351000 t; 2025: lithium 6160000 t, mineral sands 1702000 t.
Processing
The Greenbushes operation has four processing plants: three producing chemical-grade lithium concentrates (CGP1, CGP2, and a Tailings Retreatment Plant) and one producing technical-grade lithium concentrates (TG Plant). The processing method involves upgrading the lithium mineral from the ore using gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes. A third chemical-grade plant, CGP3, commenced construction in 2023 and processed its first ore in December 2025.
Expansion
Construction of a third Chemical Grade Plant (CGP3) began in 2023, with the first ore processed in December 2025. The ramp-up of CGP3 is progressing, with production broadly in line with the commissioning plan. An underground Mineral Resource Estimate has been defined, allowing for access to pegmatites outside the open-pit design.

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Kwinana Refinery

Western Australia, Australia · Processing Facility

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2026Lithium-3047 t
2025Lithium-6782 t
2024Lithium-3508 t
2023Lithium-1884 t
Opened
2022-11-30
End year
2046
Capex (est.)
USD 25.00M
Workforce
TLEA employs over 350 people at the Kwinana plant.
Overview
The Kwinana Lithium Hydroxide Refinery is a processing facility in Western Australia that produces battery-grade lithium hydroxide from spodumene concentrate. It is owned and operated by Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia (TLEA), a joint venture between Tianqi Lithium Corporation (51%) and IGO Limited (49%). Spodumene feedstock is sourced from the Greenbushes lithium mine, which is also part of the TLEA joint venture.
Production
The refinery has faced significant operational challenges and consistently operated well below its nameplate capacity. For the 2024-2025 financial year, the refinery produced 6,782 tonnes of lithium hydroxide. In the September 2025 quarter, the plant produced 2,775 tonnes of lithium hydroxide, reaching 46% of its nameplate capacity. The production target for the 2025-2026 financial year is between 9,000 and 11,000 tonnes.
Processing
The facility is a fully automated processing plant. The process involves converting spodumene concentrate into battery-grade lithium hydroxide, with by-products including aluminosilicate, gyplime, and sodium sulphate. The refinery's first processing train (Train 1) has a nameplate capacity of 24,000 tonnes per annum.
Equipment
An acid roast off-gas scrubber train, including a Venturi scrubber, entrainment separator, and wet electrostatic precipitator. A low burner regenerative thermal oxidiser (RTO) and wet scrubber system to treat Train 1 calciner baghouse off-gases. A spodumene mill baghouse filter. Automated packaging equipment and storage. Stormwater management systems, including wedge pits and storage tanks.
Expansion
In January 2025, the TLEA joint venture partners agreed to cease all work and activities on a planned second processing train (Train 2).

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-1480000 t
2024Lithium2 %5800000 t
2022Lithium-361227 t
2021Lithium-267000 t
2020Lithium-1950000 t
Opened
1983-01-01
Workforce
1700
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1480000 t; 2024: lithium 5800000 t.
Processing
The operation consists of a large open-pit mine and four processing plants. Three of these plants produce chemical-grade lithium concentrates (CGP1, CGP2, and the Tailings Retreatment Plant), and one produces technical-grade lithium concentrates (TG). The processing method involves upgrading the lithium mineral, spodumene, through gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes. A third chemical-grade processing plant (CGP3) was commissioned in December 2025, increasing the site's processing capacity by 500,000 tonnes per annum.
Expansion
An expansion project is underway to increase the production of lithium mineral concentrate and spodumene ore. This involves the construction of new waste rock landforms, expansion of the Salt Water Gully Dam, and other infrastructure developments. The expansion would increase the development envelope by 28 per cent to 2,826 hectares. The commissioning of Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) in December 2025 represents a 31% increase in site processing capacity. There are also development options for an additional Chemical Grade Plant 4 (CGP4).

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %-
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2045
Mine life
20 years
Workforce
approximately 1,700 people
Overview
The Greenbushes Lithium Mine is an operating open-pit mine in Western Australia, recognised as the world's largest hard-rock lithium mine. It is located approximately 250 kilometres south of Perth. The mine produces lithium mineral concentrates (spodumene) and was historically a source of tin and tantalum. The operation is facing systemic challenges related to safety, feed grade, recoveries, and plant reliability which were highlighted in early 2026. The Australian Taxation Office is also conducting an audit on the mine's holding company for the 2020 to 2024 income years concerning transfer pricing matters.
Production
For the March 2026 quarter, spodumene concentrate production was 351,000 tonnes, which included approximately 33,000 tonnes from the newly commissioned Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3). This output was broadly flat compared to the previous quarter. Due to ongoing operational challenges, production guidance for the 2026 financial year was revised downwards to between 1.375 million and 1.425 million tonnes. The unit cash cost guidance was increased to a range of $380 to $420 per tonne.
Processing
Gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to upgrade spodumene ore into lithium mineral concentrates. Includes three chemical-grade plants (CGP1, CGP2, CGP3) and a technical-grade plant.
Equipment
Caterpillar 777F/G haul trucks (90 tonnes capacity), Caterpillar 785C trucks (200 tonnes capacity). Macmahon Holdings awarded a seven-year contract for load and haul mining works, including crusher feed.
Expansion
The mine is undergoing significant expansion. An updated Mineral Resource Estimate as of 31 December 2025 increased the total resource to 457 million tonnes of ore grading 1.6% Li₂O. This update included the definition of the first underground Mineral Resource of 132 million tonnes grading 1.5% Li₂O. The open-pit Ore Reserve was increased by 3% to 176 million tonnes at 1.9% Li₂O. A Strategic Options Review is ongoing to optimise the mine plan. Talison is also seeking environmental approval to expand the mine's footprint to the east and south to accommodate additional waste rock landforms and increase water storage capacity, which will involve a new highway crossing.

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
LithiumMineral Sands
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %-
2025Mineral Sands-1350000 t
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2048
Workforce
Approximately 1,700 people.
Production
Production overview - 2025: mineral sands 1350000 t.
Processing
The operation consists of four processing plants: a technical grade plant, two chemical grade plants, and a tailings retreatment plant. The processing method involves gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to upgrade the lithium mineral into a range of concentrates. The combined planned processing capacity is approximately 7 million tonnes per annum of dry ore.
Equipment
The mine utilises a contracted diesel mining fleet, and the operator is investigating a transition to an electric mining fleet. Specific details of the current mining fleet are not publicly available. A load and haul services contract commenced on 1 July 2023 for a 7-year period.
Expansion
Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) received its first ore in December 2025 and is expected to reach its nameplate capacity of 2.4 million tonnes per annum of ore in 2026. A further expansion is proposed to increase the mine's development envelope from 2,207 hectares to 2,826 hectares. This expansion is currently undergoing an environmental review process, with a public review period expected to begin in February 2026. The expansion plans include an additional waste rock landform, expanded water storage capacity, and a highway crossing.

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2024Lithium-1383000 t
2023Lithium-1491000 t
2022Lithium-37535 t
Opened
1888-01-01
Mine life
22 years
Workforce
more than 1,500 people
Production
Production overview - 2024: lithium 1383000 t; 2023: lithium 1491000 t.
Processing
The Greenbushes operation consists of a large open-pit mine and four processing plants. This includes a technical grade plant, two chemical grade plants (CGP1 and CGP2), and a tailings retreatment plant. A third chemical grade plant (CGP3) processed its first ore in December 2025. The processing method involves crushing and upgrading the spodumene ore through gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to produce lithium concentrates.
Equipment
The major mining fleet includes Hitachi excavators (EX3600, EX2600, EX1200) and Caterpillar 785 (140-tonne) rear dump trucks. The processing facilities also utilise jaw crushers, impact crushers, and screeners.
Expansion
Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) commenced commissioning on schedule, with the first ore feed through the plant on 18 December 2025. An underground mining operation is being considered to supplement the open pit production.

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Mineral SandsLithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2023Mineral Sands-1.43 Mt
2023Lithium2.25 %-
Opened
1983-01-01
Workforce
more than 1,500 people
Production
Production overview - 2023: mineral sands 1.43 Mt.
Processing
The Greenbushes operation has four processing plants: a technical grade plant (TGP1), two chemical grade plants (CGP1 and CGP2), and a tailings retreatment plant (TRP). A third chemical grade plant (CGP3) commenced commissioning in December 2025. The processing method involves crushing, screening, high-pressure grinding rollers (HPGR), and a deagglomerator, followed by gravity separation, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to produce lithium concentrates.
Equipment
Mining is a conventional open-pit, drill and blast method. The processing facilities include crushers, screens, High-Pressure Grinding Rollers (HPGR), and deagglomerators.
Expansion
The mine is undergoing significant expansion. Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) has a nameplate capacity of 2.4Mtpa and is expected to ramp up production through 2H26. There are plans for a potential Chemical Grade Plant 4 (CGP4) with construction anticipated to start in 2027. The expansion also includes the development of new waste rock landforms and increased water storage capacity.

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Greenbushes Lithium Operation

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %1.35 Mt
2024Lithium2 %-
Opened
1983-01-01
Mine life
19 years
Capex (est.)
USD 572.00M
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1.35 Mt.
Processing
The Greenbushes operation has four processing plants: one for technical grade lithium concentrates and three for chemical grade lithium concentrates, which includes a tailings retreatment plant. Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) processed its first ore in December 2025. Processing methods include gravity, heavy media separation, flotation, and magnetic processes to produce a range of lithium concentrates.
Expansion
A capacity expansion project is underway to expand the mine to the east and south of the current site, including an additional waste rock landform, expansion of an existing waste rock landform, and expanded water storage capacity. Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3), with a capacity of approximately 500,000 tonnes per year of spodumene concentrate, was commissioned in late 2025, increasing the total site capacity to around 2.1 million tonnes per annum. There is also a proposal for a potential Chemical Grade Plant 4 (CGP4).

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2024Lithium-1383000 t
2023Lithium-1491300 t
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2047
Mine life
22 years
Workforce
more than 1,500 people
Overview
The Greenbushes Lithium Mine is a large open-pit operation in Western Australia, producing spodumene concentrate. It includes multiple processing plants, with a third chemical-grade plant (CGP3) commissioned in 2025 to expand capacity.
Production
Production overview - 2024: lithium 1383000 t; 2023: lithium 1491300 t.
Processing
The operation includes a technical-grade plant, three chemical-grade plants (CGP1, CGP2, CGP3), and a tailings retreatment plant. Mining uses a traditional drill and blast process.
Equipment
The load and haul mining activities are conducted by Macmahon Holdings Limited under a seven-year contract that commenced on 1 July 2023. Macmahon is utilising its existing mining fleet for these operations.
Expansion
An expansion of the mine is underway to increase production capacity, which includes the development of additional waste rock landforms and expanded water storage. A third chemical-grade processing plant, CGP3, was commissioned and processed its first ore in the first half of 2025. This new plant is expected to increase the total production capacity of the site.

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %1350000 t
2024Lithium2.18 %1420000 t
Opened
1983-01-01
Workforce
1700
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1350000 t; 2024: lithium 1420000 t.
Processing
The operation has four processing plants: three producing chemical grade lithium concentrates (CGP1, CGP2, and a Tailings Retreatment Plant) and one producing technical grade lithium concentrates. The processing method involves gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to upgrade the lithium mineral into concentrates. A third chemical grade plant (CGP3) commenced construction in 2023 and processed its first ore in December 2025.
Expansion
A capacity expansion project is underway to meet growing global demand for lithium. This involves expanding the mine to the east and south to add a new waste rock landform, expand an existing one, and increase water storage capacity. The expansion will increase the development envelope by 28 per cent to 2826 hectares. The construction of a third Chemical Grade Plant (CGP3) was completed with first ore processed in December 2025.

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Greenbushes Lithium Operation

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %1.35 Mt
2024Lithium2.18 %1.42 Mt
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2045
Mine life
62 years
Workforce
Approximately 1,700 people as of April 2025.
Overview
The Greenbushes Lithium Operation is operated by Talison Lithium Australia Pty Ltd. IGO Limited holds a 24.99% indirect interest in the mine. The ownership structure is a joint venture, where Talison Lithium is 51% owned by Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia Pty Ltd (TLEA) and 49% by Albemarle Corporation. TLEA is a joint venture between Tianqi Lithium Corporation (51%) and IGO Limited (49%). For the 2024 calendar year, approximately 5.6 million tonnes of ore grading 2.18% Li2O were processed, producing about 1.42 million tonnes of spodumene concentrates. In 2025, production was 1.35 million tonnes of spodumene concentrates from 6.16 million tonnes of ore grading 1.9% Li2O. Total spodumene concentrate production for the 2025 financial year was approximately 1.48 million tonnes.
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1.35 Mt; 2024: lithium 1.42 Mt.
Processing
The Greenbushes operation has four processing plants: Chemical Grade Plant 1 (CGP1), Chemical Grade Plant 2 (CGP2), a Technical Grade Plant (TGP), and a Tailings Retreatment Plant (TRP). The process involves gravity separation, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to produce lithium concentrates. A fifth plant, Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3), commenced commissioning with its first ore feed on 18 December 2025. The first standard-compliant chemical-grade lithium concentrate from CGP3 was produced on January 30, 2026. CGP3 has a capacity of approximately 500,000 tonnes per annum of spodumene concentrate, increasing the total site capacity to around 2.1 million tonnes per annum. CGP3 is expected to reach nameplate capacity in 2026.
Equipment
The mining operation uses a traditional open-pit method with drill and blast, followed by load and haul.
Expansion
The mine is undergoing significant expansion. Following the commissioning of CGP3, plant debottlenecking is planned to lift combined production during 2027. Total ore processed is expected to increase to approximately 7 million tonnes per annum by 2028, with spodumene concentrate production forecast to peak at just over 2 million tonnes per annum in 2029. A new underground Mineral Resource Estimate of 132 million tonnes grading 1.5% Li₂O has been defined below and along strike from the current open-pit limits. There are also proposals to expand waste rock landforms and water storage capacity to support increased production, which involves expanding the mine to the east and south of the current site. The Western Australian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has approved an increase in the development envelope to 2,791 hectares.

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %-
Opened
1983-01-01
Production
year = 2025 commodities: - commodity: spodumene concentrate, output: 1,350,000, output unit: tonnes.
Processing
The operation has four processing plants: Chemical Grade Plant 1 (CGP1), Chemical Grade Plant 2 (CGP2), a tailings retreatment plant, and a Technical Grade Plant. Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) commenced commissioning on 18 December 2025. CGP3 has a capacity of approximately 500,000 tonnes per annum of spodumene concentrate, which will bring the total site capacity to approximately 2.1 million tonnes of spodumene concentrate.
Expansion
A proposal has been made to expand the mine, which would increase the development envelope from 2,207 hectares to 2,826 hectares. This expansion includes the construction of new waste rock landforms, expansion of the Salt Water Gully Dam, and additional infrastructure. The Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) processed its first ore on 18 December 2025 and is expected to reach nameplate capacity in 2026. Total ore processed is expected to increase to approximately 7 million tonnes per annum by 2028, with spodumene concentrate production peaking at just over 2 million tonnes per annum in 2029.

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Greenbushes Lithium Mine

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium-1.48 Mt
Opened
1983-01-01
End year
2045
Mine life
62 years
Workforce
more than 1,500 people (as of August 2024), approximately 1,700 people including contractors and construction personnel (2023)
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1.48 Mt.
Processing
The Greenbushes operation has four processing plants: one for technical grade lithium concentrates, two for chemical grade lithium concentrates, and one for re-treating historic tailings. The processing method involves upgrading the lithium mineral from the ore using gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to produce a range of lithium concentrates.
Equipment
The mining fleet includes Hitachi EX3600, Hitachi EX2600, and Hitachi EX1200 / Komatsu PC1250 excavators, as well as Caterpillar 785 (140-tonne) rear dump trucks. Macmahon Holdings was awarded a seven-year contract for load and haul mining works. The operation also uses two 1250kVA Tomahawk Cummins generators and a 20,000L fuel tank for standby power at the central tailings facility.
Expansion
Talison Lithium is expanding the Greenbushes mine to increase the production of spodumene ore and lithium mineral concentrate. This expansion includes the construction of the S2 waste rock landform, the expansion of the Salt Water Gully Dam, and the development of new water management infrastructure. The development envelope for the mine is set to increase from 2,207 hectares to 2,791 hectares. A proposal for a further capacity expansion is undergoing environmental assessment.
Power sources
Diesel
Water sources
Surface Water

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Kipushi Zinc Mine

Haut-Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo · Underground

Operating
ZincCopperSilverLithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Zinc-203168 t
2022Zinc35.34 %-
2022Copper0.8 %-
2022Silver23 g/t-
2022Lithium64 g/t-
Opened
1924-01-01
Production
Production overview - 2025: zinc 203168 t.
Processing
A new concentrator with a capacity of 800,000 tonnes per annum was completed in May 2024 and first concentrate was produced in June 2024. The plant incorporates dense media separation, milling, and flotation. A debottlenecking program was completed in August 2025, increasing the concentrator throughput capacity by 20% to 960,000 tonnes of ore per annum.
Expansion
Ivanhoe Mines and its state-owned partner Gécamines signed a new joint venture agreement in late 2023 to return the mine to production. Construction of the new concentrator began in September 2022. In July 2025, a three-year offtake agreement was signed with Mercuria for up to one-third of the unallocated offtake of zinc concentrate.

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Greenbushes Lithium Operation

Western Australia, Australia · Open Pit

Operating
Lithium
Commodities, grades and output
YearCommodityAv. GradeOutput
2025Lithium1.9 %1350000 t
Mine life
22 years
Workforce
approximately 1,700
Production
Production overview - 2025: lithium 1350000 t.
Processing
The operation involves traditional drill and blast mining methods. The ore is processed through four plants: a technical grade plant, two chemical grade plants (CGP1 and CGP2), and a tailings retreatment plant. These plants use gravity, heavy media, flotation, and magnetic processes to produce a range of lithium concentrates. A third chemical grade plant (CGP3) commenced commissioning with first ore feed on 18 December 2025.
Equipment
For a crushing and screening project, the contractor utilised a jaw crusher, impact crusher, screener, D10 dozer, 980 loader, 36-tonne excavator, and an 18m radial stacker.
Expansion
The Chemical Grade Plant 3 (CGP3) project, which has a capacity of approximately 500,000 tonnes per annum of spodumene concentrate, commenced commissioning in December 2025. The total project cost for CGP3 is estimated to be approximately $A880 million. A further expansion is proposed to increase waste rock storage and water supply to support increased mining and production rates. This includes the construction of new waste rock landforms and a new mine water supply dam.

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